{"id":945,"date":"2010-10-06T16:22:22","date_gmt":"2010-10-06T14:22:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/masterorganicchemistry.wordpress.com\/?p=945"},"modified":"2026-04-22T12:06:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T17:06:01","slug":"functional-groups-organic-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2010\/10\/06\/functional-groups-organic-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Meet the (Most Important) Functional Groups"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>All About Functional Groups<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Functional groups<\/strong> are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule.<\/li>\n<li>Common examples of functional groups are alcohols, alkenes, alkynes, amines, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and ethers, among others.<\/li>\n<li>In a typical sophomore organic chemistry course, there are about 15 key functional groups, with another group of 10 or so that make consistent appearances. <span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>You&#8217;ll meet others, too &#8211; this is just a selection of the most common.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Table of Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#one\">Functional Groups<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#two\">Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Rings<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#three\">Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Thiols, Alkyl Halides<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#four\">Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#five\">Amides, Acid Halides, Anhydrides, Nitriles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#six\">Miscellaneous: Epoxides, Thioethers, Nitro, Imine, Azide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#notes\">Notes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#quiz\">Quiz Yourself!<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#references\">(Advanced) References and Further Reading<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><a id=\"one\"><\/a>1. Functional Groups<\/h2>\n<p>A functional group is what we call specific groupings of certain atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some of the most commonly encountered functional groups. Note that &#8220;<strong>R<\/strong>&#8221; is a placeholder for a generic carbon substituent.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-40872\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/1-most-important-funcdtional-groups-alkane-alkene-alkyne-benzene-ring-amine-alcohol-ether-alkyl-halide-thiol-aldehyde-ketone-ester-carboxylic-acid-amide.gif\" alt=\"-most important funcdtional groups alkane alkene alkyne benzene ring amine alcohol ether alkyl halide thiol aldehyde ketone ester carboxylic acid amide\" width=\"640\" height=\"495\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A second group of slightly less commonly encountered functional groups are here. This is by no means an exhaustive list, but it&#8217;s at least a good start.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-29539\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/2-less-important-functional-groups-in-organic-chemistry-nitrile-epoxide-disulfide-imine-acid-chloride-anhydride-nitro-sulfide.gif\" alt=\"less important functional groups in organic chemistry nitrile epoxide disulfide imine acid chloride anhydride nitro sulfide\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In the beginning of the course, being presented with a list of 20-25 functional groups to remember might seem like a lot. And it probably is!<\/p>\n<p>The good news is that you&#8217;ve already learned a lot of functional group names without trying too hard.<\/p>\n<p>Do these names sound familiar?<\/p>\n<p>Prop<strong>ane<\/strong>.\u00a0 Tylen<strong>ol<\/strong>. Ibupro<strong>phen<\/strong>. \u00a0Testoster<strong>one<\/strong>. Dop<strong>amine<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Learning functional groups will be a matter of connecting those names to general structures.<\/p>\n<p>Another good way to get to know functional groups is to think about the relative\u00a0<strong>electronegativities<\/strong> of the elements in each group. That will help you understand their properties and help you think about how they behave in chemical reactions.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"two\"><\/a>2. Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Rings<\/h2>\n<p>The hydrocarbon functional groups are very non-polar and tend to be extremely weak acids.<\/p>\n<p>In hydrocarbons, the only types of intermolecular interactions are London dispersion forces and their boiling points tend to be quite low, relative to molecules containing more polar functional groups. <span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>(<a style=\"color: #993366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2010\/10\/25\/3-trends-that-affect-boiling-points\/\">See article: 3 Trends That Affect Boiling Points<\/a>)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-29540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/3-Functional-groups-containing-hydrocarbons-alkyl-alkenyl-alkynyl-phenyl.gif\" alt=\"Functional groups containing hydrocarbons - alkyl - alkenyl - alkynyl - phenyl\" width=\"640\" height=\"283\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Alkanes<\/strong> are hydrocarbons containing no multiple bonds. Alkane <strong>substituents<\/strong> are called <strong>alkyl<\/strong> groups, which refers to alkane groups lacking a C-H bond such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Common examples of alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, butane, and octane.<\/li>\n<li>The C-H bond is highly covalent and alkanes are very non-polar.\u00a0 They do not mix with water <span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>(not &#8220;<strong>miscible<\/strong>&#8220;, in other words)<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Alkyl carbons are <em>sp<\/em><sup>3<\/sup> hybridized and have tetrahedral geometry about the carbon.<\/li>\n<li>You can often think of alkyl groups as the &#8220;spectator&#8221; functional groups of organic chemistry, abbreviated as <strong>R-<\/strong>.\u00a0 With the exceptions of free-radical substitution and, of course, combustion, alkanes don&#8217;t undergo a huge number of different reactions. They tend to provide the backbone of most organic molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Alkenes\u00a0<\/strong>are hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Common examples are ethene, propene, and butene.<\/li>\n<li>Alkene substituents are called <strong>alkenyl <\/strong>groups; vinyl is often used to refer to -CH=CH<sub>2<\/sub> .<\/li>\n<li>Alkenyl carbons are <em>sp<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> hybridized, with a trigonal planar geometry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Alkynes\u00a0<\/strong>contain a carbon-carbon triple bond.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ethyne (acetylene) is the simplest alkyne; alkynes are sometimes called acetylenes.<\/li>\n<li>Alkyne substituents are called alkynyl groups.<\/li>\n<li>Terminal alkynes have a C-H. Internal alkynes have C-C bonds at each end.<\/li>\n<li>Alkynyl carbons are <em>sp<\/em> hybridized with a linear geometry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Benzene rings<\/strong> are six-membered rings containing 3 double bonds. Benzene rings are common in nature due to a property called <strong>aromaticity<\/strong> (nothing to do with its smell, see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2017\/01\/20\/introduction-aromaticity\/\">article<\/a>) that make them unusually stable. Can also be drawn as a hexagon with a circle.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Methylbenzene (toluene) is responsible for the smell of model airplane glue.<\/li>\n<li>Benzene substituents C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>&#8211; are called <strong>phenyl<\/strong> groups.<\/li>\n<li>The carbons in benzene are <em>sp<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> hybridized with trigonal planar geometry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Draw examples of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic rings.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34816\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34816\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34816\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34816\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34816\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34816 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34816\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-5wktc\" data-id=\"5wktc\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2353-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2353-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<p>The following molecules lack substituents. Draw them in.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34817\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34817\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34817\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34817\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34817\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34817 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34817\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-7w1a7\" data-id=\"7w1a7\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2354-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2354-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<p>Worchestershire<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"three\"><\/a>3. Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Thiols, Alkyl Halides<\/h2>\n<p>These functional groups are considerably more polar due to the greater difference in electronegativities between the bonding atoms.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-29541\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/6-Functional-groups-resulting-in-alcohols-ethers-esters-and-carboxylic-acids.gif\" alt=\"Functional groups resulting in alcohols ethers esters and carboxylic acids\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stronger intermolecular forces are present in these functional groups due to the dipole-dipole interactions. Additionally, alcohols and amines are capable of hydrogen bonding, which further increase boiling points.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Alcohols\u00a0<\/strong>R-OH contain carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group -OH.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Common examples include methanol, methanol, isopropanol.<\/li>\n<li>The O-H bond is highly polarized and participates in hydrogen bonding.<\/li>\n<li>Hydroxyl groups also increase water solubility.<\/li>\n<li>Alcohols are weak acids and can also act as Lewis bases.<\/li>\n<li>Hydroxyl groups bonded to C=O are considered to be carboxylic acids, a separate functional group (see below)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ethers<\/strong> R-O-R are oxygen atoms flanked by two bonds to carbon.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane are ethers that are commonly used as lab solvents.<\/li>\n<li>Ethers cannot serve as hydrogen-bond donors, so their boiling points are lower than those of alcohols of equivalent molecular weight, but higher than those of hydrocarbons due to greater dipole-dipole forces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Alkyl halides<\/strong> have functional group R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, R-I where R is an alkyl group.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bromobutane, methyl bromide, and chloroform are all examples of alkyl halides.<\/li>\n<li>Dipole-dipole interactions lead to higher boiling points than those found in alkanes.<\/li>\n<li>If R is alkene, they are alkenyl halides.<\/li>\n<li>Very important functional groups for substitution and elimination reactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Amines<\/strong> contain the functional group -NH<sub>2<\/sub>, -NHR, or NR<sub>2<\/sub> where R is a hydrocarbon.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Morph<strong>ine<\/strong>, code<strong>ine<\/strong>, and coca<strong>ine<\/strong> are just three of many prominent molecules that contain amines.<\/li>\n<li>Amine substituents are known as <strong>amino<\/strong> groups.<\/li>\n<li>Amines with N-H bonds are capable of hydrogen bonding, which leads to higher boiling points and water solubility.<\/li>\n<li>The lone pair on the nitrogen can act as a base.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Thiols <\/strong>(mercaptans) R-SH are the sulfur-containing cousins of alcohols.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The sulfur atom is not nearly as electronegative as oxygen, so the S-H bond is considerably less polarized.<\/li>\n<li>Thiols can act as weak acids; stronger acids than alcohols.<\/li>\n<li>Thiols are most notorious for their strong stench; ethanethiol is added to natural gas to give it its characteristic smell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Draw examples of each of these functional groups.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34818\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34818\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34818\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34818\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34818\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34818 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34818\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-5kjoc\" data-id=\"5kjoc\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2355-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2355-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<p>Draw in the functional groups of these famous molecules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34819\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34819\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34819\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34819\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34819\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34819 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34819\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-6r5hf\" data-id=\"6r5hf\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2356-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2356-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<h2><a id=\"four\"><\/a>4. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters<\/h2>\n<p>The C=O group is referred to as the carbonyl group. The C=O bond is strongly polarized towards oxygen and the carbon bears a partial positive charge.<\/p>\n<p>Carbonyls are found in aldehydes, ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-29542\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/9-Drawing-of-aldehyde-ketone-ester-carboxylic-acid-functional-groups.gif\" alt=\"Drawing of aldehyde - ketone - ester - carboxylic acid functional groups\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Aldehydes<\/strong> RCHO have C=O bonded to carbon and to C-H<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde are common examples.<\/li>\n<li>They have polar covalent bonding but are not hydrogen bond donors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ketones<\/strong> RC(O)R have C=O bonded to two carbons.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acetone (2-propanone) is nail polish remover.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Carboxylic Acids<\/strong> RCOOH have a carbonyl bonded to -OH. They are distinct functional groups from alcohols.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acetic acid (vinegar) and formic acid are the simplest carboxylic acids. Other short-chain acids like butanoic and pentanoic acids are notorious for their locker-room smells (or worse).<\/li>\n<li>The hydroxyl group participates in hydrogen bonding and carboxylic acids have higher boiling points as a result.<\/li>\n<li>Despite the name, carboxylic acids tend to be relatively weak acids, not undergoing full dissociation in water (as compared to strong acids such as HCl and H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Esters<\/strong> RCOOR are similar to carboxylic acids, except the O-H bond is replaced with an O-C bond.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esters are notable for their sweet smells<\/li>\n<li>Contain polar bonds, but do not participate in hydrogen bonding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Draw an example of an aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, and ester<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34820\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34820\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34820\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34820\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34820\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34820 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34820\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-cjaga\" data-id=\"cjaga\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2357-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2357-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<p>Draw in the functional group for these prominent molecules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34821\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34821\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34821\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34821\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34821\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34821 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34821\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-h6kcl\" data-id=\"h6kcl\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2358-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2358-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<h2><a id=\"five\"><\/a>5. Amides, Acid Halides, Anhydrides, Nitriles<\/h2>\n<p>There are actually quite a few important functional groups containing carbonyls. These functional groups are all considered to be derived from carboxylic acids, as they can be obtained through replacement of OH with various groups. <span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>(Nitriles might not appear to be related to carboxylic acids at first glance, but they can actually be converted into amides through dehydration.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-29543\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/12-Introduction-to-anhydride-acid-chloride-amide-nitrile-functional-groups.gif\" alt=\"Introduction to anhydride - acid chloride - amide - nitrile functional groups\" width=\"640\" height=\"246\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Amides<\/strong> contain a carbonyl carbon attached to an amino group.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amino acids linked together through formation of an amide are known as peptides.<\/li>\n<li>Amides containing N-H bonds can participate in hydrogen bonding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Acid Halides<\/strong> have -OH replaced with F, Cl, Br, or I.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Anhydrides\u00a0<\/strong>contain an oxygen flanked by two carbonyls. Distinct from esters.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anhydrides can be formed from two equivalents of a carboxylic acid with accompanying loss of H<sub>2<\/sub>O, hence the name.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Nitriles<\/strong> don&#8217;t look like carboxylic acid derivatives at first, but they can be formed via the dehydration of amides.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acetonitrile is a common solvent.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Nitrile gloves&#8221; are made from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitrile_rubber\">nitrile rubber<\/a>, a co-polymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile.<\/li>\n<li>The -CN substituent is sometimes referred to as a cyanide.<\/li>\n<li>HCN, hydrogen cyanide, is a highly toxic gas. The cyanide ion (-)CN, is often encountered in introductory courses <span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>(on paper, not in the lab!)\u00a0<\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">and undergoes reactions with alkyl halides.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Draw in examples of an amide, acid halide, anhydride, and nitrile.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34822\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34822\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34822\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34822\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34822\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34822 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34822\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-ghva8\" data-id=\"ghva8\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2359-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2359-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<p>Fill in the functional groups of these famous molecules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34823\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34823\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34823\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34823\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34823\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34823 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34823\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-a0zs7\" data-id=\"a0zs7\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2360-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2360-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<h2><a id=\"six\"><\/a>6. Miscellaneous: Epoxides, Thioethers, Nitro, Imine, Azide<\/h2>\n<p>No common thread here; just a few more prominent functional groups worth knowing.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-29544\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/15-Miscellaneous-functional-groups-epoxide-imine-azide-nitro.gif\" alt=\"Miscellaneous functional groups - epoxide - imine - azide - nitro\" width=\"640\" height=\"175\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Technically, <strong>Epoxides<\/strong> are ethers, but since they participate in a number of reactions that ethers generally don&#8217;t , they deserve their own category.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Thioethers<\/strong> (sulfides) are the sulfur equivalents of ethers. Dimethyl sulfide is the most commonly encountered example.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nitro\u00a0<\/strong>groups are strongly electron-withdrawing. Nitromethane, a solvent,\u00a0 is the simplest example of a nitroalkane.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Imines\u00a0<\/strong>are the nitrogen-containing equivalents of aldehydes and ketones.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Azides <\/strong>pop up from time to time.\u00a0 The &#8220;A&#8221; in the anti-HIV drug <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zidovudine\">AZT<\/a> stands for azido.<\/p>\n<p>Draw in the functional groups in these molecules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"34824\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34824\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34824\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"34824\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-34824\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-34824 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"34824\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-rrul4\" data-id=\"rrul4\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2361-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/2361-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<h2>7. That&#8217;s Probably Enough For Now<\/h2>\n<p>Of course there are more functional groups that you will encounter, but this list should be sufficient for most students in an Org 1 course. Past a certain point, the law of diminishing returns starts to apply. Here&#8217;s a final quiz on a few functional groups that are occasionally encountered in undergraduate organic chemistry:<\/p>\n<div class=\"wq-quiz-wrapper\" data-id=\"43045\"><style type=\"text\/css\" id=\"wq-flip-custom-css\">.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"43045\"] {\n--wq-question-width: 100%;\n--wq-question-color: #009cff;\n--wq-question-height: auto;\n--wq-font-color: #444;\n}\n\n\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"43045\"] {\n\t\t\t\t--wq-question-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n\t\t\t\t.wq-quiz-wrapper[data-id=\"43045\"] .wq_singleQuestionWrapper { width:100% !important; height:auto !important; }\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style><!-- wp quiz -->\n<div id=\"wp-quiz-43045\" class=\"wq_quizCtr single flip_quiz wq-quiz wq-quiz-43045 wq-quiz-flip wq-layout-single wq-skin-traditional wq-should-show-correct-answer\" data-quiz-id=\"43045\">\n<div class=\"wq-questions wq_questionsCtr\">\n\t<div class=\"wq-question wq_singleQuestionWrapper wq-question-3vulp\" data-id=\"3vulp\">\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"item_top\">\n\t\t<div class=\"title_container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wq_questionTextCtr\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"wq-question-title\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"card \">\n\t\t<div class=\"front\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/3617-Front.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\t<span class=\"top-desc\">Click to Flip<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"back\" >\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-images\/3617-Reverse.gif\" \/>\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ wp quiz-->\n<\/div><!-- End .wq-quiz-wrapper -->\n<p>The sooner you try to get beyond knowing the name of a functional group and start to apply concepts like electronegativity and resonance, the more &#8220;alive&#8221; each of these functional groups will seem to you.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong><a id=\"notes\"><\/a>Notes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"related-articles\"><p><strong>Related Articles<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2010\/06\/16\/1-2-3-4\/\" class=\"\"><span>Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary In Organic Chemistry<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2012\/01\/17\/how-to-apply-electronegativity-and-resonance-to-understand-reactivity\/\" class=\"\"><span>How to apply electronegativity and resonance to understand reactivity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/12\/12\/evaluating-resonance-structures-2-applying-electronegativity\/\" class=\"\"><span>How To Find The Best Resonance Structure By Applying Electronegativity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/10\/dont-be-futyl-learn-the-butyls\/\" class=\"\"><span>Don\u2019t Be Futyl, Learn The Butyls<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp_quiz\/alcohols-nomenclature-properties\/\" class=\"\"><span>Alcohols Nomenclature Properties<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2018\/02\/28\/amides-properties-synthesis-and-nomenclature\/\" class=\"\"><span>The Amide Functional Group: Properties, Synthesis, and Nomenclature<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong><a id=\"quiz\"><\/a>Quiz Yourself!<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/2362-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/2363-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3029-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3030-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3031-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" 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src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3472-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3546-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3547-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3548-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3549-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong><a id=\"references\"><\/a>(Advanced) References and Further Reading<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Relating Functional Groups to the Periodic Table<\/strong><br \/>\nJef Struyf<br \/>\n<em>Journal of Chemical Education<\/em> <strong>2009<\/strong> 86 (2), 190<br \/>\n<strong>DOI<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ed086p190\">10.1021\/ed086p190<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Learning the Functional Groups: Keys to Success<br \/>\n<\/strong>Shannon Byrd and David P. Hildreth<br \/>\n<em>Journal of Chemical Education<\/em> <strong>2001<\/strong> 78 (10), 1355<br \/>\n<strong>DOI<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ed078p1355\">10.1021\/ed078p1355\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All About Functional Groups Functional groups are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14174,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1408],"tags":[495,199,494,496,493],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-945","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alkanes-nomenclature","tag-dipoles","tag-electronegativity","tag-functional-groups-2","tag-hydrogen-bonding","tag-polarity"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Functional Groups In Organic Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Functional groups are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule. 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