{"id":7329,"date":"2013-05-24T08:19:47","date_gmt":"2013-05-24T12:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/?p=7329"},"modified":"2026-05-06T19:27:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-07T00:27:40","slug":"hydrohalogenation-of-alkynes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/05\/24\/hydrohalogenation-of-alkynes\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Alkyne Hydrohalogenation &#8211; Addition of HX To Alkynes &#8211; HCl, HBr, and HI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the previous three posts on alkynes we&#8217;ve introduced some new reactions that are specific to alkynes (versus alkenes):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>deprotonation (and subsequent substitution) (<span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>See Article: <a style=\"color: #993366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/05\/01\/acetylide-formation-alkylation\/\">Acetylide Formation and Alkylation<\/a><\/em><\/span>)<\/li>\n<li>partial reduction to alkenes (<em>See Articles: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/08\/19\/lindlars-catalyst-partial-cis-reduction\/\">Lindlar Reduction<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/05\/08\/nanh3-partial-reduction-of-alkynes\/\">Reduction of Alkynes With Na\/NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/a><\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>formation of aldehydes and ketones through net &#8220;hydration&#8221;.\u00a0<em>(See Post: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/05\/14\/hydroboration-and-oxymercuration-of-alkynes\/\">Hydroboration and Oxymercuration of Alkynes<\/a>)<br \/>\n<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this post we&#8217;ll go back to a key reaction mechanism pattern we observed with alkenes: the so-called, &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/02\/22\/addition-pattern-1-the-carbocation-pathway\/\">carbocation pathway<\/a>&#8221; that includes addition of HX and H<sub>3<\/sub>O+ and explore how many of the reactions of alkenes we&#8217;re familiar with can also be used with alkynes.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43264\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/0-Summary-hydrohalogenation-of-alkynes-addition-of-hcl-hbr-and-hi-to-alkynes-to-give-vinyl-halides-geminal-dihalides.gif\" alt=\"Summary-hydrohalogenation of alkynes addition of hcl hbr and hi to alkynes to give vinyl halides geminal dihalides\" width=\"639\" height=\"555\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Table of Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#one\">Addition of Hydrogen Halides (HCl, HBr, HI)\u00a0 To Alkynes &#8211; Once<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#two\">Addition Of A Second Equivalent Of HX To A Vinyl Halide Gives A Geminal Dihalide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#three\">Addition of Hydrogen Halides To Alkynes &#8211; The Mechanism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#four\">Comparing Alkenes and Alkynes In The &#8220;Carbocation Pathway&#8221;.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#five\">Summary: Addition of Hydrogen Halides To Alkynes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#six\">Notes (+ Termolecular Mechanism!)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#quizzes\">Quiz Yourself!<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#references\">(Advanced) References and Further Reading<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><a id=\"one\"><\/a>1. Addition of Hydrogen Halides To Alkynes (Once) &#8211; Hydrohalogenation<\/h2>\n<p>With all the focus on the ways in which alkyne chemistry can differ from alkene chemistry,<strong> it&#8217;s helpful to be reminded of all the ways in which they are similar.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The three major examples in this category are the reaction of hydrohalic acids (H-Cl, H-Br, and H-I) with alkynes. If you recall, when added to alkenes, these reagents were:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>attacked by the \u03c0 bond of the alkene to give a carbocation on the most substituted carbon, giving &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/02\/08\/markovnikovs-rule-1\/\">Markovnikov<\/a>&#8221; regioselectivity (<em>See Post: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/02\/08\/markovnikovs-rule-1\/\">Markovnikov&#8217;s Rule<\/a><\/em>) followed by<\/li>\n<li>attack of halide ion on the carbocation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Since alkynes merely differ from alkenes in the addition of a second \u03c0\u00a0bond, we would expect that these reactions would also work for alkynes as well &#8211; <strong>and they do<\/strong>!<\/p>\n<p>If we treat an alkyne with a single equivalent of H\u2013Cl <span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>[note &#8211; we&#8217;ll just use H-Cl in all of these examples, but HBr and HI work in exactly the same way]<\/em><\/span> we end up forming an alkenyl chloride.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15080\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/1-addition-of-hcl-to-alkyne-on-equiv-gi-es-alkenyl-chlkoride-vinyl-chloride-same-for-hbr-hi-two-equivs-gives-geminal-dichloride-markovnikov-selectivity.gif\" alt=\"addition of hcl to alkyne on equiv gi es alkenyl chlkoride vinyl chloride same for hbr hi two equivs gives geminal dichloride markovnikov selectivity\" width=\"600\" height=\"341\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Note that the chlorine atom ends up attached to the most substituted carbon of the alkene [&#8220;<strong>Markovnikov&#8221; regioselectivity<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p>If we just use one equivalent of HX, we can get the reaction to stop at the alkenyl halide stage.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"two\"><\/a>2. Addition Of A Second Equivalent Of HX To An Alkyne<\/h2>\n<p>You might be wondering if it&#8217;s possible to for this\u00a0\u03c0 bond to react with a<strong> second equivalent<\/strong> of H-Cl. The answer is yes. <span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>[Note &#8211; it <strong>is<\/strong> possible to just &#8220;stop&#8221; the reaction at this stage if we use just one equivalent, because the product (alkenyl chloride) is less reactive towards HCl than the starting alkyne].<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Indeed, if we add a second equivalent of H-Cl, it adds to either side of the C-C\u00a0\u03c0 bond,\u00a0giving us the product where two chlorine atoms are on the same carbon. By the way, we call this a <strong>&#8220;geminal&#8221; dichloride<\/strong> (think Latin &#8211; &#8220;gemini&#8221; = twins).<\/p>\n<p>We can also get this product if we simply add two equivalents of H-Cl to the starting alkyne.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"three\"><\/a>3. Addition of Hydrogen Halides To Alkynes &#8211; The Mechanism For Hydrohalogenation<\/h2>\n<p>So how might this reaction work? In a very similar fashion to how H-Cl adds to alkenes.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15081\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/2-mechanism-for-formation-of-alkenyl-chloride-passing-through-vinyl-carbocation-markovnikov-addition-of-chloride-to-carbocation-2n-equiv-gives-geminal.gif\" alt=\"mechanism for formation of alkenyl chloride passing through vinyl carbocation markovnikov addition of chloride to carbocation 2n equiv gives geminal\" width=\"600\" height=\"471\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The first step is protonation of the alkyne with H-Cl in such a manner as to give the most stable carbocation intermediate.<\/p>\n<p>Since carbocations are stabilized to a greater extent by electron releasing alkyl substituents than by hydrogen, the new carbocation will form at the end of the alkyne bearing the <strong>carbon<\/strong> substituent.<\/p>\n<p>In the next step, the carbocation is attacked by the chloride ion to give the alkenyl chloride.<\/p>\n<p>What about the second equivalent of H-Cl ? Given the fact that the geminal dichloride is the product here, the most reasonable mechanism for its formation is merely a repeat of the steps from the first reaction (as shown).<\/p>\n<p>However it&#8217;s worth pointing out one interesting feature. Note that the <strong>carbocation<\/strong> in this case bears a <strong>chlorine substituent<\/strong>. Since carbocations are electron poor, and chlorine is quite an electronegative element, it&#8217;s interesting to point out that the electron releasing ability of the alkyl group [and the ability of chlorine to donate a lone pair to the carbocation] &#8220;win out&#8221; here over the electron-withdrawing character of the chlorine.<\/p>\n<p>[<span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>If you go on to second-semester organic chemistry and cover the reactions of aromatic rings, you&#8217;ll see that Cl and other halide ions act as pi-donors toward adjacent carbocations. See post: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2018\/03\/05\/why-are-halogens-ortho-para-directors\/\">Why Are Halogens Deactivating ortho-para Directors<\/a><\/em>?<\/span>]<\/p>\n<p>As mentioned above, the reactions of alkynes with HBr and HI (as well as HF, just in case you&#8217;re curious) follow the exact same pathway.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>[<strong>Note<\/strong>: there is considerable evidence to suggest that this reaction in fact proceeds not through a carbocation intermediate, but through a &#8220;termolecular&#8221; reaction incorporating two equivalents of H-X and the alkyne. This is covered inconsistently in courses and textbooks. I strongly suggest you double check your textbook to verify how it is taught in your course. See <a href=\"#noteone\">Note 1<\/a>].<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"four\"><\/a>4. Comparing Alkenes and Alkynes In The &#8220;Carbocation Pathway&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p>It&#8217;s probably worth tying back this post to the post on alkenes and the carbocation pathway, noting the similarities and differences between the chemistry of alkenes and alkynes. Hopefully this table will prove useful:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15082\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/3-comparing-carbocation-parthway-alkyne-versus-alkene-hcl-hbr-hi-addition-to-alkyne-can-happen-twice-giving-gemincal-halides.gif\" alt=\"comparing carbocation parthway alkyne versus alkene hcl hbr hi addition to alkyne can happen twice giving gemincal halides\" width=\"600\" height=\"217\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"five\"><\/a>5. Summary: Addition of Hydrogen Halides To Alkynes (Hydrohalogenation)<\/h2>\n<p>As with alkenes, reactions that follow this pathway proceed through a carbocation intermediate and provide the &#8220;Markovnikov&#8221; products as major.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The key difference in this pathway is that hydration of alkenes gives alcohols,<\/strong> whereas<strong> hydration of alkynes gives carbonyl derivatives<\/strong> (i.e. ketones\/aldehydes) after keto-enol tautomerism of the intermediate enol.<\/p>\n<p>In the next post, we&#8217;ll explore the &#8220;3-membered ring&#8221; pathway with alkynes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Next Post: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/05\/29\/alkyne-addition-pathways-the-3-membered-ring-pathway\/\">Alkynes &#8211; The 3-Membered Ring Pathway<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong><a id=\"notes\"><\/a>Notes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"related-articles\"><p><strong>Related Articles<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/05\/29\/alkyne-halogenation-bromination-chlorination\/\" class=\"\"><span>Alkyne Halogenation: Bromination, Chlorination, and Iodination of Alkynes<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/06\/04\/oxidation-of-alkynes\/\" class=\"\"><span>Oxidation of Alkynes With O3 and KMnO4<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/06\/24\/alkynes-are-a-blank-canvas\/\" class=\"\"><span>Alkynes Are A Blank Canvas<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/organic-chemistry-practice-problems\/alkyne-reactions-practice-problems-with-answers\/\" class=\"\"><span>Alkyne Reactions Practice Problems With Answers (MOC Membership)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/06\/11\/alkynes-via-elimination-reactions\/\" class=\"\"><span>Alkenes To Alkynes Via Halogenation And Elimination Reactions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/05\/01\/the-2-most-important-reactions-of-alkynes\/\" class=\"\"><span>Acetylides from Alkynes, And Substitution Reactions of Acetylides<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2013\/05\/08\/lindlar-nanh3-partial-reduction-of-alkynes\/\" class=\"\"><span>Partial Reduction of Alkynes With Lindlar\u2019s Catalyst or Na\/NH3 To Obtain Cis or Trans Alkenes<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2023\/09\/15\/hydration-alkenes-acid\/\" class=\"\"><span>Acid-Catalyzed Addition of H2O To Alkenes<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<p><strong><a id=\"noteone\"><\/a>Note 1.\u00a0 The &#8220;termolecular&#8221; pathway for hydrohalogenation of alkynes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The intermediacy of vinyl carbocations in addition to alkynes seems to belong in the bucket of &#8220;mechanisms that are oversimplified for an introductory audience&#8221;, with the hope that textbooks will reach consensus in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Prof. Hilton Weiss of Bard College writes:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>I&#8217;ve done a lot of work on this and, of course, I believe my own results. My initial paper denying the vinyl cation intermediate (before doing any research) was in JChemEd 1993, p 873&#8230; You might look at Maitland Jones&#8217;s textbook or Carey and Sundberg. Actually my current belief is that the vinyl cation is EXTREMELY RARE in additions to alkynes. In Stang&#8217;s paper on the rearrangement of the &#8220;t-butyl vinyl cation&#8221; by solvolysis of the corresponding triflate, he made the triflate ester by adding trifluoromethane sulfonic acid to t-butylacetylene. This addition occurred with NO rearrangement. If triflic acid (pKa =-10) won&#8217;t protonate an alkyne, nothing will. Conjugated alkynes (e.g. phenylacetylene) can form conjugated vinyl cations but only in strong acids. Aqueous acids are not even close. (H3O+ =-1.7, HBr = -9, HCl = -7). I would not be surprised if the strongest acids add via a short-lived ion pair but even that is rare. Most textbooks say that alkenes and alkynes react by the same mechanism: it&#8217;s easier for students as long as you don&#8217;t look too close. By the way, the termolecular mechanism does not involve a proton and a halide ion attacking the alkyne at the same time; too improbable. First there is a reversible pi complex between acid and alkyne followed by a halide attached anti periplanar at the more positive carbon.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Thank you to Prof Weiss for writing. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ed070p873\">A link to the J. Chem. Ed. article is here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A few years later, Prof. Thomas T. Tidwell wrote a rebuttal, stating the reasons why the vinyl carbocation pathway is valid. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ed073p1081\">Read it here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>There is also a rebuttal to the rebuttal (1996) by Weiss. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/ed073p1082\">Read here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><a id=\"quizzes\"><\/a>Quiz Yourself!<\/h2>\n<p><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/0701-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/0704-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/0707-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/1657-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/1658-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/0719-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><a id=\"references\"><\/a>(Advanced) References and Further Reading<\/h2>\n<p>The addition of HX to alkynes is believed to go through a vinyl cation after initial protonation of the alkyne.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Polar additions to olefins and acetylenes. V. Bimolecular and termolecular mechanisms in the hydrochlorination of acetylenes<br \/>\n<\/strong>Robert C. Fahey and Do-Jae Lee<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em><strong> 1968, <\/strong><em>90<\/em> (8), 2124-2131<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ja01010a034\">1021\/ja01010a034<\/a><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Hydrogen chloride adds to aryl acetylenes in acetic acid to give mixtures of a-chlorostyrenes and the corresponding vinyl acetate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reaction of acetylenes with hydrogen chloride in acetic acid. Effect of structure upon AdR2 and Ad3 reaction rates<br \/>\n<\/strong>Robert C. Fahey, Michael T. Payne, and Do-Jae Lee<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>The Journal of Organic Chemistry<\/em><strong> 1974, <\/strong><em>39<\/em> (8), 1124-1130<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/jo00922a024\">1021\/jo00922a024<\/a><br \/>\nThe preference for a mechanism depends on the individual structure of the alkyne and the overall reaction conditions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Solvolysis of vinyl triflates. Effect of alkyl substituents, solvents, and added nucleophiles<br \/>\n<\/strong>Richard H. Summerville, Carol A. Senkler, and Paul v. R. Schleyer<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em> <strong>1974<\/strong>, <em>96<\/em> (4), 1100-1110<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ja00811a026\">1021\/ja00811a026<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Stereochemistry of vinyl cations and vinylic substitutions<br \/>\n<\/strong> H. Summerville and Paul v. R. Schleyer<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em> <strong>1974,<\/strong> <em>96<\/em> (4), 1110-1120<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ja00811a027\">10.1021\/ja00811a027<\/a><br \/>\nAlkynes react when heated with trifluoroacetic acid to give addition products. Mixtures of <em>syn<\/em> and <em>anti<\/em> addition products are obtained, and similar reactions occur with trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) acid. These reactions presumably also proceed through a vinyl cation intermediate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Theoretical investigations on carbocations. Structure and stability of C<sub>3<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>,C<sub>4<\/sub>H<sub>9<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>(2-butyl cation), C<sub>5<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>,C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>7<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>(protonated benzene), and C<sub>7<\/sub>H<sub>11<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>(2-norbornyl cation)<br \/>\n<\/strong>Hans Joachim Koehler and Hans Lischka<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em><strong> 1979, <\/strong><em>101<\/em> (13), 3479-3486<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ja00507a009\">1021\/ja00507a009<\/a><br \/>\nOne mechanism that has been proposed for this reaction is initial protonation of the alkyne via a bridged intermediate. This paper shows that this hydrogen-bridge structure is not energetically feasible. Various MO calculations place the bridged ion 30-45 kcal\/mol above the vinyl cation in energy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kinetics of the acid-catalyzed hydration of allene and propyne<br \/>\n<\/strong>Paul Cramer and Thomas T. Tidwell<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>The Journal of Organic Chemistry<\/em><strong> 1981, <\/strong><em>46<\/em> (13), 2683-2686<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/jo00326a016\">1021\/jo00326a016<\/a><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Solvent isotope effects are indicative of a rate-determining protonation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Substituent effects on the acid hydration of acetylenes<br \/>\n<\/strong>Annette D. Allen, Yvonne Chiang, A. J. Kresge, and Thomas T. Tidwell<br \/>\n<em>The Journal of Organic Chemistry<\/em><strong> 1982, <\/strong><em>47<\/em> (5), 775-779<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/jo00344a006\">1021\/jo00344a006<\/a><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong>Alkyne reactivity increases with addition of electron-donating substituents. The reactivity of alkynes is somewhat more sensitive to substituent effects than is the case for alkenes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>2-Butyne and hydrogen chloride cocrystallized: solid-state geometry of Cl-H<\/strong>\u2022\u2022<strong>p<\/strong><strong> hydrogen bonding to the carbon-carbon triple bond<br \/>\n<\/strong>Dietrich Mootz and Axel Deeg<br \/>\n<em>Journal of the American Chemical Society <\/em><strong>1992, <\/strong><em>114<\/em> (14), 5887-5888<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ja00040a077\">10.1021\/ja00040a077<\/a><br \/>\nThe short length of this <em>JACS<\/em> communication belies the difficulty of this experimental work! This paper describes an X-ray structure of the addition complex between HCl and an alkyne, with the HCl perpendicular to the C-C p bond.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The electrophilic addition to alkynes<br \/>\n<\/strong>Hilton M. Weiss<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Journal of Chemical Education<\/em><strong> 1993, <\/strong><em>70<\/em> (11), 873<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ed070p873\">1021\/ed070p873<\/a><br \/>\nThis paper argues that vinyl cations are too unstable and therefore cannot be intermediates in electrophilic additions to alkynes. This is not entirely correct, as vinyl cations have been observed in superacid media under the right conditions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bromide assisted addition of hydrogen bromide to alkynes and allenes<br \/>\n<\/strong>Hilton M. Weiss and Kim M. Touchette<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans<\/em> 2 <strong>1998<\/strong>:1523<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/1998\/P2\/a703569a#!divAbstract\">10.1039\/A703569A<\/a><br \/>\nThe reaction of 4-octyne with TFA in CH<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>2<\/sub> containing 0.1-1.0 <em>M<\/em> bromide ion proceeds mainly via <em>anti<\/em> addition. The presence of bromide ion greatly accelerates the reaction as compared to reaction with TFA alone, indicating the involvement of Br<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> in the rate-determining step.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li><strong>Electron transmission study of the splitting of the <\/strong><strong>p<\/strong><strong>* molecular orbitals of angle-strained cyclic acetylenes: implications for the electrophilicity of alkynes<br \/>\n<\/strong>Lily Ng, Kenneth D. Jordan, Adolf Krebs, and Wolfgang Rueger<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Journal of the American Chemical Society<\/em><strong> 1982<\/strong>, <em>104<\/em> (26), 7414-7416<strong><br \/>\nDOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ja00390a005\">1021\/ja00390a005<\/a><br \/>\nAnother possible explanation for the lower reactivity of alkynes relative to alkenes has to do with the availability of the unfilled orbital in the alkyne. It has been shown that a p* orbital of bent alkynes (e.g. cyclooctyne) has a lower energy than the p* orbital of alkenes, and it has been suggested that linear alkynes can achieve a bent structure in their transition states when reacting with an electrophile.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alkyne Hydrohalogenation &#8211; Addition of HX To Alkynes &#8211; HCl, HBr, and HI In the previous three posts on alkynes we&#8217;ve introduced some new reactions <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":43264,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1419],"tags":[294,860,927,374,891,897,887,926],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-7329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-alkyne-reactions","tag-addition","tag-carbocation","tag-geminal-dihalide","tag-hbr","tag-hcl","tag-hi","tag-markovnikov","tag-vinyl-hallide"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Addition of hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HI) to alkynes (Hydrohalogenation)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"If we treat an alkyne with a one equivalent of H\u2013Cl we form an alkenyl chloride. 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