{"id":3214,"date":"2011-11-23T12:06:39","date_gmt":"2011-11-23T12:06:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/?p=3214"},"modified":"2026-04-19T10:59:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-19T15:59:07","slug":"introduction-to-resonance-hybrids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction to Resonance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Introduction To Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In this article you will learn to identify resonance structures and resonance hybrids.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In molecules containing multiple bonds (pi bonds) there can be\u00a0<strong>multiple ways\u00a0<\/strong>of arranging the pi electrons.<\/li>\n<li>These different arrangements are called\u00a0<strong>resonance structures\u00a0<\/strong> or resonance <strong>forms<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Importantly, the electrons do <strong>not<\/strong> go back and forth between two resonance structures, as if in an equilibrium.<\/li>\n<li>Instead, the &#8220;true&#8221; structure of the molecule is a\u00a0<strong>hybrid<\/strong> of the various resonance forms, with some of them being more important than others.<\/li>\n<li>Molecules that are resonance forms\u00a0<strong>only differ in the arrangement of their pi electrons\u00a0<\/strong>(pi bonds and lone pairs).<\/li>\n<li>If\u00a0<strong>single bonds<\/strong> need to be broken or\u00a0<strong>atoms need to be moved\u00a0<\/strong>in order to interconvert two structures, then they are <strong>not<\/strong> resonance forms.<\/li>\n<li>Quizzes at the bottom will help you reinforce which molecules are (and are not) resonance forms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-38685\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif\" alt=\"summary-introduction to resonance- resonance forms are alternate ways of arranging pi electrons - true structure is a hybrid - allyl cation acetate anion\" width=\"640\" height=\"603\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Table of Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#one\">Applying Electronegativity Differences To Understand Electron Densities In Molecules With Pi Bonds &#8211; Simple Examples<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#two\">Two Cases Where &#8220;Applying Electronegativity Differences&#8221; Fails To Accurately Predict Electron Density<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#three\">It&#8217;s Possible To Draw Two Different Lewis Structures For The Acetate Anion And The Allyl Cation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#four\">In These Two Cases The &#8220;True&#8221; Electron Densities Are Reflected By A &#8220;Hybrid&#8221; of Two Resonance Structures<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#notes\">Notes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#quizzes\">Quiz Yourself!<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong><a id=\"one\"><\/a>1. Applying Electronegativity Differences To Understand Electron Densities In Molecules With Pi Bonds &#8211; Simple Examples<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Last time we talked about how to use electronegativity to find the electron densities in a molecule &#8211; and when to ignore formal charge. (<span style=\"color: #993366;\"><a style=\"color: #993366;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/15\/how_to_use_electronegativity\/\"><em>See Article &#8211; How To Use Electronegativity to Determine Partial Charges<\/em><\/a><\/span>)<\/p>\n<p>However I didn&#8217;t mention a second key factor that can\u00a0 complicate the analysis of electron densities: the presence of\u00a0<strong>double bonds (\u03c0 bonds).\u00a0<\/strong>In this post we will see how combining an understanding of dipoles with an understanding of the &#8220;best&#8221; distribution of pi-electrons in a molecule will give us an overall picture of where electrons are in a molecule.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><em>[Further down the line, an understanding of where the electrons are will help us understand where the molecule will participate in reactions. ]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>But let&#8217;s start with the simple stuff. In many cases, an analysis of <strong>electronegativities<\/strong> can give you a very accurate idea of where electron densities are in molecules with \u03c0 bonds. This can tell you where the &#8220;dipoles&#8221; are.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43206\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/1-electronegativity-can-be-used-to-find-dipoles-in-molecules-with-multiple-bonds-like-nitriles-and-imines-and-co2-and-formaldehyde.gif\" alt=\"electronegativity can be used to find dipoles in molecules with multiple bonds like nitriles and imines and co2 and formaldehyde\" width=\"640\" height=\"276\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Which atom is more electronegative? That&#8217;s the one that will be &#8220;delta-negative&#8221;. Simple enough.<\/p>\n<p>By the way, this model is very effective for finding the reactive sites in these molecules. Here are two examples.<\/p>\n<p>See how the H+ is attracted to the partially negative oxygen, and the HO- is attracted to the partially positive carbon.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43207\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/2-using-dipoles-to-predict-reactions-is-generally-simple-wihen-there-are-differences-in-electronegativity.gif\" alt=\"using dipoles to predict reactions is generally simple wihen there are differences in electronegativity\" width=\"640\" height=\"281\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Experiments support our prediction that the positively charged acid (i.e. &#8220;H+&#8221;) will react at the &#8220;negative&#8221; atom bearing the electrons (oxygen in this case) while negatively charged hydroxide (HO-) will react at the atom bearing the partially positive charge (C in this case).<\/p>\n<p>So far so good.<\/p>\n<p>The problem with our model so far is that it doesn&#8217;t allow us to make accurate predictions in some cases.\u00a0<b><\/b><\/p>\n<h2><strong><a id=\"two\"><\/a>2. Two Cases Where &#8220;Applying Electronegativity Differences&#8221; Fails To Accurately Predict Electron Density : The Acetate Ion And The Allyl Cation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Part of the experience of being a scientist is watching your very simple, appealing hypotheses\/models get ripped to shreds by experimental evidence (or lack thereof).<\/p>\n<p>Look at these two molecules below. The Lewis structure of the first molecule (&#8220;acetate ion&#8221;)<strong> appears to tell us that one oxygen is more negative than the other.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Lewis structure of the second molecule (the &#8220;allyl carbocation&#8221;) suggests that one carbon bears the positive charge and the others are neutral.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43208\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/3-some-lewis-structures-have-more-than-one-significant-way-to-draw-it-and-electron-density-is-represented-as-a-hybrid.gif\" alt=\"some lewis structures have more than one significant way to draw it and electron density is represented as a hybrid\" width=\"640\" height=\"523\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>We&#8217;d predict from this model that the more &#8220;negative&#8221; oxygen would be more reactive than the neutral oxygen, and likewise for the &#8220;positive&#8221; and neutral carbons. However, if we test this model by using labelled compounds, we find that our simple model is inconsistent with experiment.<\/p>\n<p>What happens with the first molecule (acetate ion) is that<strong> each of the two oxygens is equally reactive with H+.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>And in the second example,<strong> each of the terminal carbons is equally reactive with nucleophiles.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43209\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/4-hard-to-predict-reactivity-of-molecules-with-resonance-if-you-just-use-one-resonance-structure.gif\" alt=\"hard to predict reactivity of molecules with resonance if you just use one resonance structure\" width=\"640\" height=\"586\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/D-resonance2.png\"><br \/>\n<\/a>Something is clearly lacking in our model. Let&#8217;s look at these molecules again.<\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"three\"><\/a>3. It&#8217;s Possible To Draw Two Different Lewis Structures For The Acetate Anion And The Allyl Cation<\/h2>\n<p>If you look closely, it&#8217;s possible to draw<strong> two different Lewis structures<\/strong> for these molecules.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43210\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/5-way-to-predict-reactivity-of-molecules-with-resonance-is-to-evaluate-resonance-forms-and-imagine-the-hybrid.gif\" alt=\"way to predict reactivity of molecules with resonance is to evaluate resonance forms and imagine the hybrid\" width=\"640\" height=\"212\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>From the experiments above, the molecules <em>behave<\/em> like they are a 1:1 mixture of these two compounds. <span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>[They are not, but they behave that way!<\/em><\/span>]<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s introduce a new concept: <strong>Resonance<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"four\"><\/a>4. In These Two Cases The &#8220;True&#8221; Electron Densities Are Reflected By A &#8220;Hybrid&#8221; of Two Resonance Structures<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>When we can draw <strong>two<\/strong> (<em>or more<\/em>) forms of the same molecule that differ <strong>only<\/strong> in the placement of their <strong>electrons<\/strong>, these are called &#8220;<strong>resonance forms<\/strong>&#8221; (or &#8220;resonance structures&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li>We can also say that these forms are &#8220;<strong>in resonance<\/strong>&#8220;. (<span style=\"color: #993366;\"><em>Sometimes they are also called resonance &#8220;isomers&#8221; although this will get a hand-slap in many circles, as they are <strong>not<\/strong> technically isomers &#8211; they are just different ways of depicting electron density in the same molecule<\/em><\/span>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is tempting (and very wrong!) to think that these\u00a0 two forms are in &#8220;equilibrium&#8221; between each other. <strong>Avoid this common mistake!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43211\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/6-remember-that-resonance-forms-are-not-in-equilibrium-with-each-other-do-not-use-equilibrium-arrow.gif\" alt=\"remember that resonance forms are not in equilibrium with each other do not use equilibrium arrow\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Why is this wrong? <\/strong>Because were this true, the bond lengths of the C=O double bond and the C\u2013O single bond in the acetate ion would be different. (1.21 vs. 1.36 Angstrom).<\/p>\n<p>However experimental evidence (from X-ray crystal structures) shows us that each bond length is <strong>exactly the same<\/strong> (1.26 Angstrom). <em>This observation has been made for countless other resonance isomers as well<\/em>, such as <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzene\">benzene<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbonate\">carbonate<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nitro_compound\">nitro groups<\/a>, and many more.<\/p>\n<p>What this means is that the <strong>true<\/strong> structure of the acetate ion (and the allyl carbocation) is a &#8220;<strong>hybrid<\/strong>&#8221; of two resonance forms. We use a special arrow to depict the two resonance forms (the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/02\/09\/the-8-types-of-arrows-in-organic-chemistry-explained\/\">double-headed arrow<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43212\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/7-resonance-forms-for-acetate-ion-and-allyl-carbocation-with-charges-drawn.gif\" alt=\"-resonance forms for acetate ion and allyl carbocation with charges drawn\" width=\"640\" height=\"378\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>What this means is that the formal charge of \u20131 in the acetate ion is distributed <strong>evenly<\/strong> between the two oxygens.<\/p>\n<p>And the formal charge of +1 in the allyl carbocation is distributed <strong>equally<\/strong> between the two terminal carbons. [<a href=\"#noteone\">Note 1<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>As we have seen, <em><strong>formal charge can be a poor guide to electron densities<\/strong>, <\/em>so here we see another example where it&#8217;s inaccurate.<\/p>\n<p>Again: <em>electron densities are what really matters for understanding the reactivity of a molecule.\u00a0 <\/em>Lewis structures and formal charges are imperfect guides to fully describing electron densities in molecules, but they&#8217;re so useful in many other contexts that we have to learn to live with their flaws.<\/p>\n<p>However, a combination of understanding dipoles (electronegativity differences)\u00a0<strong>and<\/strong> resonance will complete the picture for us.<\/p>\n<p>Next post we&#8217;ll talk about another accounting system we will use to describe the <em>movement<\/em> of electrons: the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/30\/introduction-to-resonance-2-curved-arrows\/\">curved arrow formalism.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Next Post: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/30\/introduction-to-resonance-2-curved-arrows\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Introduction to Curved Arrows (2): Curved Arrows!<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><a id=\"notes\"><\/a>Notes<\/h2>\n<div class=\"related-articles\"><p><strong>Related Articles<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/12\/22\/in-summary-resonance\/\" class=\"\"><span>In Summary: Evaluating Resonance Structures<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2012\/01\/10\/common-mistakes-how-not-to-draw-resonance-curved-arrows\/\" class=\"\"><span>Drawing Resonance Structures: 3 Common Mistakes To Avoid<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/12\/14\/evaluating-resonance-forms-4-positive-charges\/\" class=\"\"><span>Evaluating Resonance Structures With Positive Charge<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/12\/13\/evaluating-resonance-forms-3-where-to-put-the-negative-charge\/\" class=\"\"><span>Evaluating Resonance Structures With Negative Charges<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/12\/12\/evaluating-resonance-structures-2-applying-electronegativity\/\" class=\"\"><span>How To Find The Best Resonance Structure By Applying Electronegativity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/organic-chemistry-practice-problems\/resonance-structures-practice\/\" class=\"\"><span>Resonance Structures Practice<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/15\/how_to_use_electronegativity\/\" class=\"\"><span>How To Use Electronegativity To Determine Electron Density (and why NOT to trust formal charge)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<p><strong><a id=\"noteone\"><\/a>Note 1<\/strong>: These are simple examples. Charge distribution will not always be evenly divided, and resonance forms will not always be of equal energy.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><a id=\"quizzes\"><\/a>Quiz Yourself!<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3656-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3655-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3657-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3658-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3659-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/0006-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/0007-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3660-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3669-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3670-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3671-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3672-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3673-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-26714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/quiz-previews\/3674-Front-Image-Only.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"616\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/moc-membership\/\"><strong>Become a\u00a0 MOC member<\/strong><\/a> to see the clickable quiz with answers on the back. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction To Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids In this article you will learn to identify resonance structures and resonance hybrids. In molecules containing multiple bonds <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38685,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1406],"tags":[297,199,213,418,267,394],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-3214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bonding-structure-resonance","tag-electron-densities","tag-electronegativity","tag-formal-charge","tag-partial-charges","tag-resonance","tag-resonance-hybrids"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Intro to Resonance In Organic Chemistry&#8211; Master Organic Chemistry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&quot;Resonance forms&quot; (or &quot;resonance structures&quot;) are two (or more) forms of the same molecule that differ only in the placement of their electrons.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Intro to Resonance In Organic Chemistry&#8211; Master Organic Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&quot;Resonance forms&quot; (or &quot;resonance structures&quot;) are two (or more) forms of the same molecule that differ only in the placement of their electrons.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Master Organic Chemistry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Master-Organic-Chemistry-242610599108055\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-11-23T12:06:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-19T15:59:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"922\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"868\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/gif\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"James Ashenhurst\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"James Ashenhurst\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"James Ashenhurst\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/78d83ec7d02b4b7365bade2cedaef80c\"},\"headline\":\"Introduction to Resonance\",\"datePublished\":\"2011-11-23T12:06:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-19T15:59:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1540,\"commentCount\":2,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif\",\"keywords\":[\"electron densities\",\"electronegativity\",\"formal charge\",\"partial charges\",\"resonance\",\"resonance hybrids\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Bonding, Structure, and Resonance\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/\",\"name\":\"Intro to Resonance In Organic Chemistry&#8211; Master Organic Chemistry\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif\",\"datePublished\":\"2011-11-23T12:06:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-19T15:59:07+00:00\",\"description\":\"\\\"Resonance forms\\\" (or \\\"resonance structures\\\") are two (or more) forms of the same molecule that differ only in the placement of their electrons.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif\",\"width\":922,\"height\":868,\"caption\":\"summary-introduction to resonance- resonance forms are alternate ways of arranging pi electrons - true structure is a hybrid - allyl cation acetate anion\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/2011\\\/11\\\/23\\\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Introduction to Resonance\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Master Organic Chemistry\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Master Organic Chemistry\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/04\\\/cutmypic.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/04\\\/cutmypic.png\",\"width\":225,\"height\":225,\"caption\":\"Master Organic Chemistry\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/Master-Organic-Chemistry-242610599108055\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/78d83ec7d02b4b7365bade2cedaef80c\",\"name\":\"James Ashenhurst\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f9e9df435875e5e6b0bdff6b8522a7279d5717644b3efa7299da22c837bf9fcf?s=96&d=retro&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f9e9df435875e5e6b0bdff6b8522a7279d5717644b3efa7299da22c837bf9fcf?s=96&d=retro&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f9e9df435875e5e6b0bdff6b8522a7279d5717644b3efa7299da22c837bf9fcf?s=96&d=retro&r=g\",\"caption\":\"James Ashenhurst\"},\"description\":\"Ph.D. 2006, McGill University (James L. Gleason). Postdoctoral Associate, 2008-2010, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M. Movassaghi). Founder, Master Organic Chemistry, 2010-present.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/about\\\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\\\/author\\\/james\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Intro to Resonance In Organic Chemistry&#8211; Master Organic Chemistry","description":"\"Resonance forms\" (or \"resonance structures\") are two (or more) forms of the same molecule that differ only in the placement of their electrons.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Intro to Resonance In Organic Chemistry&#8211; Master Organic Chemistry","og_description":"\"Resonance forms\" (or \"resonance structures\") are two (or more) forms of the same molecule that differ only in the placement of their electrons.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/","og_site_name":"Master Organic Chemistry","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Master-Organic-Chemistry-242610599108055\/","article_published_time":"2011-11-23T12:06:39+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-04-19T15:59:07+00:00","og_image":[{"width":922,"height":868,"url":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif","type":"image\/gif"}],"author":"James Ashenhurst","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"James Ashenhurst","Est. reading time":"12 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/"},"author":{"name":"James Ashenhurst","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#\/schema\/person\/78d83ec7d02b4b7365bade2cedaef80c"},"headline":"Introduction to Resonance","datePublished":"2011-11-23T12:06:39+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-19T15:59:07+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/"},"wordCount":1540,"commentCount":2,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif","keywords":["electron densities","electronegativity","formal charge","partial charges","resonance","resonance hybrids"],"articleSection":["Bonding, Structure, and Resonance"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/","url":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/","name":"Intro to Resonance In Organic Chemistry&#8211; Master Organic Chemistry","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif","datePublished":"2011-11-23T12:06:39+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-19T15:59:07+00:00","description":"\"Resonance forms\" (or \"resonance structures\") are two (or more) forms of the same molecule that differ only in the placement of their electrons.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/11\/0-summary-introduction-to-resonance-resonance-forms-are-alternate-ways-of-arranging-pi-electrons-true-structure-is-a-hybrid-allyl-cation-acetate-anion.gif","width":922,"height":868,"caption":"summary-introduction to resonance- resonance forms are alternate ways of arranging pi electrons - true structure is a hybrid - allyl cation acetate anion"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/2011\/11\/23\/introduction-to-resonance-hybrids\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Introduction to Resonance"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/","name":"Master Organic Chemistry","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#organization","name":"Master Organic Chemistry","url":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cutmypic.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/cutmypic.png","width":225,"height":225,"caption":"Master Organic Chemistry"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Master-Organic-Chemistry-242610599108055\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/#\/schema\/person\/78d83ec7d02b4b7365bade2cedaef80c","name":"James Ashenhurst","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f9e9df435875e5e6b0bdff6b8522a7279d5717644b3efa7299da22c837bf9fcf?s=96&d=retro&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f9e9df435875e5e6b0bdff6b8522a7279d5717644b3efa7299da22c837bf9fcf?s=96&d=retro&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f9e9df435875e5e6b0bdff6b8522a7279d5717644b3efa7299da22c837bf9fcf?s=96&d=retro&r=g","caption":"James Ashenhurst"},"description":"Ph.D. 2006, McGill University (James L. Gleason). Postdoctoral Associate, 2008-2010, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M. Movassaghi). Founder, Master Organic Chemistry, 2010-present.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/about\/"],"url":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/author\/james\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3214"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3214\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38685"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3214"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.masterorganicchemistry.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_folder?post=3214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}